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OLIVE

Olea europaea L

Description

Evergreen tree which can reach 10-15 m of height, long-lived, of slow growing, with broad and little dense crown. Thick, irregular, tortuous, twisted and often very short trunk with white wood very appreciated in cabinetmaking. The basal part of the trunk is made up of a heavy stump in which the tree stores reserve material and is able to emit continuously shoots which ensure the survival of the tree. It gives terminal shoots of growth (branch shoots) during the months of March and April after the winter resting stage. The bark shows elliptical lumps, ridges and tight cracks. The color of the bark is light gray or silver. The upper branches emerge from the trunk, have a high capacity for renewal and show an extraordinary vigor; are of smooth barksand and only crack over the years. The leaves are simple, thick, opposite, entire, coriaceous, elliptical, oblong or lanceolate, depending on the variety from 30 mm to 50 mm long and from 10 mm to 15 mm wide, the central nerve is very acute opposite to the secondary one, it has mucronate apex and narrows in the base in a short petiole which does not exceed 0.5 cm, the margins are entire and incurved towards the abaxial surface. The leaves are persistent and remain on the tree for two or three years.

The inflorescence of the olive is a panicle, has a central axis which branch off that at the same time can also branch out. In the branches of the inflorescence, flowers may be isolated or form groups of three to five flowers. Are bisexual or polygamous, since they have two types of flowers: perfect and staminate. The perfect flowers are hermaphrodite made up of a gamosepalous cup, inconspicuous (2 small teeth), green-whitish colored made up of four sepals, the gamopetalous corolla made up of four petals arranged in a white or yellowish-white cross. They are gathered in small axillary clusters with a white corolla. The number of flowers per inflorescence ranges from 10 to 40 flowers depending on the variety and environmental conditions and physiological characteristics of the tree. 

Its fruits are olives. They are drupes ovoid or somewhat globular, in which appears a single bone. They have different sizes, depending on variety, but typically range between 1.5 and 3 cm. The olive experiences changes in color while it fattens. From deep green at the beginning of its setting, to a yellowish green when it is developing, purple spots appear at the beginning of ripening, followed by a bluish purple hue, finally, when it reaches full maturity in a bluish black hue. Olives ripen in autumn, September and October, and harvested at this time for their keep, for it they must be dispossessed of their characteristic bitter taste. Those which are used for making olive oil are collected in winter during the months of November and December, to be carried to the mill. The olive bear fruits in bunches of the previous year, a circumstance that benefits the alternation of crops in a year of high production. In this way the vegetative growth, carrying the following harvest, is reduced.

It belongs to the botanical family of Oleaceae in the Ligustrales order. It is native of Asia Minor but it is cultivated throughout the Mediterranean, mainly in Spain, for many centuries. From Iran, Syria and Palestine it was expanded for the rest of the Mediterranean basin. Their habitat is determined by the Mediterranean climate characterized by mild winters and dry summers. The areas belonging to this kind of weather are located between 30 ° and 45 ° parallels of both hemispheres.

Part used

The leaves. Sometimes the fruits and their juice.

Indications

*Leaves

  • Hypertension.
  • Prevention and treatment of arteriosclerosis.
  • Coronary deficiency.
  • Type 2 diabetes.
  • Hypercholesterolemia.
  • Respiratory infections, bronchitis, emphysema and asthma.
  • Other medical uses: hyperuricemia, fever, arthritis and arthralgia. Some authors recommend it also in AIDS, candidiasis, chronic fatigue syndrome and in case of fibromyalgia.

*Fruits (oil)

  • Hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia.
  • Prevention of the arteriosclerosis.
  • Gallstone.
  • Constipation.
  • Dermatitis, dry eczema, psoriasis, burns, scalds, ichthyosis, dyshidrosis.

Estudios

Estudios sobre su acción antihipertensiva:

- Benkhalti F, Legssyer A, Gómez P, Paz E, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F, el Boustani ES. Département de Biologie, Unité de Recherche Nutrition-Santé, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Marrakech, Morocco. Effects of virgin olive oil phenolic compounds on LDL oxidation and vasorelaxation activity. Therapie. 2003 Mar-Apr;58(2):133-7. PMID: 12942853 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Cherif S, Rahal N, Haouala M, Hizaoui B, Dargouth F, Gueddiche M, Kallel Z, Balansard G, Boukef K. Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Militaire, Tunis. A clinical trial of a titrated Olea extract in the treatment of essential arterial hypertension. J Pharm Belg. 1996 Mar-Apr;51(2):69-71. PMID: 8786521 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Fehri B, Aiache JM, Memmi A, Korbi S, Yacoubi MT, Mrad S, Lamaison JL. Département de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie, Société des Industries Pharmaceutiques de Tunisie, Fondouk Choucha, Radès. Hypotension, hypoglycemia and hypouricemia recorded after repeated administration of aqueous leaf extract of Olea europaea L. J Pharm Belg. 1994 Mar-Apr;49(2):101-8. PMID: 8035301 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Hansen K, Nyman U, Smitt UW, Adsersen A, Gudiksen L, Rajasekharan S, Pushpangadan P. Department of Pharmacognosy, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark. In vitro screening of traditional medicines for anti-hypertensive effect based on inhibition of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). J Ethnopharmacol. 1995 Aug 11;48(1):43-51. PMID: 8569246 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Hansen, K, Adsersen, A, Brøgger Christensen S, Jensen Søren Rosendal, Nyman U, Wagner Smitt U. Isolation of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor from Olea europea and Olea lancea. Phytomedicine, vol: 2, issue: 4, pages: 319-325, 1996.

- Julius-Bijlama JA. A review of the investigations on hypotensive substances from the leaves of the olive tree, Olea europaea L. Pharm Weekbl. 1961 May 27;96:417-34. PMID: 13791008 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Khayyal MT, el-Ghazaly MA, Abdallah DM, Nassar NN, Okpanyi SN, Kreuter MH. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Blood pressure lowering effect of an olive leaf extract (Olea europaea) in L-NAME induced hypertension in rats. Arzneimittelforschung. 2002;52(11):797-802. PMID: 12489249 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Lasserre B, Kaiser R, Pham Huu Chanh, Ifansyah N, Gleye J, Moulis C. Effects on rats of aqueous extracts of plants used in folk medicine as antihypertensive agents. Naturwissenschaften. 1983 Feb;70(2):95-6. PMID: 6843684 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Rauwald HW, Brehm O, Odenthal KP. Screening of Nine Vasoactive Medicinal Plants for their Possible Calcium Antagonistic Activity. Strategy of Selection and Isolation for the Active Principles of Olea europaea and Peucedanum ostruthium. Phytotherapie Research 8 (1994) S. 135 140.

- Ribeiro Rde A, Fiuza de Melo MM, De Barros F, Gomes C, Trolin G. Acute antihypertensive effect in conscious rats produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of Sao Paulo. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986 Mar;15(3):261-9. PMID: 3724206 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Rodriguez-Rodriguez R, Perona JS, Herrera MD, Ruiz-Gutierrez V. Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Avenida Padre Garcia Tejero 4, 41012 Seville, Spain. Triterpenic compounds from "orujo" olive oil elicit vasorelaxation in aorta from spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Mar 22;54(6):2096-102. PMID: 16536581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Somova LI, Shode FO, Ramnanan P, Nadar A. Department of Human Physiology, University of Durban-Westville, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa. Antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic and antioxidant activity of triterpenoids isolated from Olea europaea, subspecies africana leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Feb;84(2-3):299-305. PMID: 12648829 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Tahraoui A, El-Hilaly J, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. UFR Physiology-Pharmacology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Dhar El Mehraz, USMBA, BP 1976 Atlas Fez, Morocco. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province). J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Mar 1;110(1):105-17. Epub 2006 Sep 23. PMID: 17052873 [PubMed - in process].

- Zarzuelo A, Duarte J, Jimenez J, Gonzalez M, Utrilla MP. Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain. Vasodilator effect of olive leaf. Planta Med. 1991 Oct;57(5):417-9. PMID: 1798793 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción a nivel cardiaco:

Duarte J, Perez O, Zarzuelo A, Jimenez J, Perez-Vizcaino F, Tamargo J. Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain. Effects of oleuropeoside in isolated guinea-pig atria. Planta Med. 1993 Aug;59(4):318-22. PMID: 8372147 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Somova LI, Shode FO, Mipando M. Department of Human Physiology University of Durban-Westville, Durban, South Africa. Cardiotonic and antidysrhythmic effects of oleanolic and ursolic acids, methyl maslinate and uvaol. Phytomedicine. 2004 Feb;11(2-3):121-9. PMID: 15070161 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Visioli F, Bellosta S, Galli C. Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, Milan, Italy. Oleuropein, the bitter principle of olives, enhances nitric oxide production by mouse macrophages. Life Sci. 1998;62(6):541-6. PMID: 9464466 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción hipolipemiante y antiateratógena:

- Bennani-Kabchi N, Fdhil H, Cherrah Y, Kehel L, el Bouayadi F, Amarti A, Saidi M, Marquie G. Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Med V, Rabat, Maroc. Effects of Olea europea var. oleaster leaves in hypercholesterolemic insulin-resistant sand rats. Therapie. 1999 Nov-Dec;54(6):717-23. PMID: 10709446 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Massaro M, Carluccio MA, De Caterina R. Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR, Pisa. Direct vascular antiatherogenic effects of oleic acid: a clue to the cardioprotective effects of the Mediterranean diet. Cardiologia. 1999 Jun;44(6):507-13. PMID: 10443051 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Massaro M, Carluccio MA, Paolicchi A, Bosetti F, Solaini G, De Caterina R. Laboratory for Thrombosis and Vascular Research, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy. Mechanisms for reduction of endothelial activation by oleate: inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB through antioxidant effects. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002 Aug-Sep;67(2-3):175-81. PMID: 12324238 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Moreno JA, López-Miranda J, Gómez P, Benkhalti F, El Boustani ES, Pérez-Jiménez F. Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Córdoba. España. Effect of phenolic compounds of virgin olive oil on LDL oxidation resistance. Med Clin (Barc). 2003 Feb 8;120(4):128-31. PMID: 12605836 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Perona JS, Canizares J, Montero E, Sanchez-Dominguez JM, Ruiz-Gutierrez V. Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. Plasma lipid modifications in elderly people after administration of two virgin olive oils of the same variety (Olea europaea var. hojiblanca) with different triacylglycerol composition. Br J Nutr. 2003 Jun;89(6):819-26. PMID: 12828801 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Visioli F, Galli C. University of Milan, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, Italy. Oleuropein protects low density lipoprotein from oxidation. Life Sci. 1994;55(24):1965-71. PMID: 7990657 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción hipoglucemiante:

- Al-Azzawie HF, Alhamdani MS. Biochemistry Department, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect of oleuropein in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Life Sci. 2006 Feb 16;78(12):1371-7. Epub 2005 Oct 19. PMID: 16236331 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Bennani-Kabchi N, Fdhil H, Cherrah Y, El Bouayadi F, Kehel L, Marquie G. UFR Nutrition Aliment Santé, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed V, Avenue IBn Battouta, BP 1014 Rabat, Maroc. Therapeutic effect of Olea europea var. oleaster leaves on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in obese and prediabetic sand rats (Psammomys obesus). Ann Pharm Fr. 2000 Jul;58(4):271-7. PMID: 10915976 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Fehri B, Aiache JM, Memmi A, Korbi S, Yacoubi MT, Mrad S, Lamaison JL. Département de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie, Société des Industries Pharmaceutiques de Tunisie, Fondouk Choucha, Radès. Hypotension, hypoglycemia and hypouricemia recorded after repeated administration of aqueous leaf extract of Olea europaea L. J Pharm Belg. 1994 Mar-Apr;49(2):101-8. PMID: 8035301 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Gonzalez M, Zarzuelo A, Gamez MJ, Utrilla MP, Jimenez J, Osuna I. Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Spain. Hypoglycemic activity of olive leaf. PlantaMed. 1992;58:513-5. PMID: 1484890 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Onderoglu S, Sozer S, Erbil KM, Ortac R, Lermioglu F. Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Turkey. The evaluation of long-term effects of cinnamon bark and olive leaf on toxicity induced by streptozotocin administration to rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999;51:1305-12. PMID: 10632089 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción antioxidante:

- Altarejos J, Salido S, Perez-Bonilla M, Linares-Palomino PJ, van Beek TA, Nogueras M, Sanchez A. Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain. Preliminary assay on the radical scavenging activity of olive wood extracts. Fitoterapia. 2005 Jun;76(3-4):348-51. PMID: 15890466 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Baycin D, Altiok E, Ulku S, Bayraktar O. Biochemical Engineering Research Laboratory (BERL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe Köyü, 35430 Urla-Izmir, Turkey. Adsorption of olive leaf (Olea europaea L.) antioxidants on silk fibroin. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Feb 21;55(4):1227-36. Epub 2007 Jan 30. PMID: 17261014 [PubMed - in process].

- Bogani P, Galli C, Villa M, Visioli F. Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy. Postprandial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of extra virgin olive oil. Atherosclerosis. 2007 Jan;190(1):181-6. Epub 2006 Feb 20. PMID: 16488419 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Bouaziz M, Chamkha M, Sayadi S. Laboratoire des Bioprocédés, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, BP K, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia. Comparative study on phenolic content and antioxidant activity during maturation of the olive cultivar Chemlali from Tunisia. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Aug 25;52(17):5476-81. PMID: 15315388 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Briante R, Febbraio F, Nucci R. Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR Via Marconi, 10, I-80125 Naples. Antioxidant/prooxidant effects of dietary non-flavonoid phenols on the Cu2+-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Chem Biodivers. 2004 Nov;1(11):1716-29. PMID: 17191812 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Briante R, Patumi M, Terenziani S, Bismuto E, Febbraio F, Nucci R. Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine ed Enzimologia del CNR, Via Marconi 10, 80125 Napoli, Italy. Olea europaea L. leaf extract and derivatives: antioxidant properties. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Aug 14;50(17):4934-40. PMID: 12166985 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Farag RS, Mahmoud EA, Basuny AM. Olive leaf juice could be edible oil antioxidant. International Journal of Food Science and Technology (Blackwell Publishing). Volume 42, Pages 107-115, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01374.

- Fitó M, Covas MI, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Vila J, de la Torre C, Marrugat J. Unidad de Lípidos y Epidemiología Cardiovascular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona. Olive oil and inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation. Role of phenolic compounds. Med Clin (Barc). 2000 Jul 1;115(5):166-9. PMID: 10996871 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Galli C, Visioli F. University of Milan, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, Italy. Antioxidant and other activities of phenolics in olives/olive oil, typical components of the Mediterranean diet. Lipids. 1999;34 Suppl:S23-6. PMID: 10419084 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Montilla MP, Agil A, Navarro MC, Jimenez MI, Garcia-Granados A, Parra A, Cabo MM. Antioxidant activity of maslinic acid, a triterpene derivative obtained from Olea europaea. Planta Med. 2003 May;69(5):472-4. PMID: 12802735 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Moreno M, Chamorro MC, Poza MA, de la Fuente P. Propiedades antioxidantes del hidroxitirosol procedente de la hoja de olivo ("Olea europaea L.). Revista de tecnología e higiene de los alimentos, ISSN 0300-5755, Nº 368, 2005, pags. 134-139.

- Paiva-Martins F, Gordon MH. Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, number 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. Isolation and characterization of the antioxidant component 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyl 4-formyl-3-formylmethyl-4-hexenoate from olive (Olea europaea) leaves. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Sep;49(9):4214-9. PMID: 11559113 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Valderrama R, Corpas FJ, Carreras A, Gomez-Rodriguez MV, Chaki M, Pedrajas JR, Fernandez-Ocana A, Del Rio LA, Barroso JB. Grupo de Señalización Molecular y Sistemas Antioxidants en Plantas, Unidad Asociada al CSIC (EEZ), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Jaén, Spain. The dehydrogenase-mediated recycling of NADPH is a key antioxidant system against salt-induced oxidative stress in olive plants. Plant Cell Environ. 2006 Jul;29(7):1449-59. PMID: 17080966 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Visioli F, Caruso D, Plasmati E, Patelli R, Mulinacci N, Romani A, Galli G, Galli C. Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan. Hydroxytyrosol, as a component of olive mill waste water, is dose- dependently absorbed and increases the antioxidant capacity of rat plasma. Free Radic Res. 2001 Mar;34(3):301-5. PMID: 11264904 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Visioli F, Galli C, Plasmati E, Viappiani S, Hernandez A, Colombo C, Sala A. University of Milan, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, Milan, Italy. Olive phenol hydroxytyrosol prevents passive smoking-induced oxidative stress. Circulation. 2000 Oct 31;102(18):2169-71. PMID: 11056087 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Visioli F, Bellomo G, Galli C. Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy. Free radical-scavenging properties of olive oil polyphenols. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Jun 9;247(1):60-4. PMID: 9636654 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Wojcikowski K, Stevenson L, Leach D, Wohlmuth H, Gobe G. Molecular and Cellular Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Antioxidant capacity of 55 medicinal herbs traditionally used to treat the urinary system: a comparison using a sequential three-solvent extraction process. J Altern Complement Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1):103-9. PMID: 17309384 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción antimicrobiana:

- Battinelli L, Daniele C, Cristiani M, Bisignano G, Saija A, Mazzanti G. Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. In vitro antifungal and anti-elastase activity of some aliphatic aldehydes from Olea europaea L. fruit. Phytomedicine. 2006 Sep;13(8):558-63. Epub 2005 Nov 2. PMID: 16920510 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Bisignano G, Lagana MG, Trombetta D, Arena S, Nostro A, Uccella N, Mazzanti G, Saija A. Department Farmaco-Biologico, University of Messina, Contrada Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy. In vitro antibacterial activity of some aliphatic aldehydes from Olea europaea L. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 Apr 20;198(1):9-13. Erratum in: FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001 Jul 10;201(1):117. PMID: 11325546 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Bisignano G, Tomaino A, Lo Cascio R, Crisafi G, Uccella N, Saija A. Department Farmaco-Biologico, University of Messina, Italy. On the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of oleuropein and hyydroxytytosol. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Aug;51(8):971-4. PMID: 10504039 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Caturla N, Perez-Fons L, Estepa A, Micol V. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández. Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202-Elche, Alicante, Spain. Differential effects of oleuropein, a biophenol from Olea europaea, on anionic and zwiterionic phospholipid model membranes. Chem Phys Lipids. 2005 Oct;137(1-2):2-17. Epub 2005 Jun 21. PMID: 16002058 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Fleming HP, Walter WM Jr, Etchells JL. Antimicrobial properties of oleuropein and products of its hydrolysis from green olives. Appl Microbiol. 1973 Nov;26(5):777-82. PMID: 4762397 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Fleming HP, Walter WM Jr, Etchells JL. Isolation of a Bacterial Inhibitor from Green Olives. Appl Microbiol. 1969 Nov;18(5):856-860. PMID: 16349868 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher].

- Furneri PM, Piperno A, Sajia A, Bisignano G. Department of Microbiological Sciences and Gynecological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. Antimycoplasmal activity of hydroxytyrosol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Dec;48(12):4892-4. PMID: 15561875 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Juven B, Henis Y, Jacoby B. Studies on the mechanism of the antimicrobial action of oleuropein. J Appl Bacteriol. 1972;35:559-67. PMID: 4651255 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Markin D, Duek L, Berdicevsky I. Department of Microbiology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. In vitro antimicrobial activity of olive leaves. Mycoses. 2003 Apr;46(3-4):132-6. PMID: 12870202 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Walter WM Jr, Fleming HP, Etchells JL. Preparation of antimicrobial compounds by hydrolysis of oleuropein from green olives. Appl Microbiol. 1973 Nov;26(5):773-6. PMID: 4762396 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción antiviral:

- Aziz NH, Farag SE, Mousa LA, Abo-Zaid MA. National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. Comparative antibacterial and antifungal effects of some phenolic compounds. Microbios. 1998;93:43-54. PMID: 9670554 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Bao J, Zhang DW, Zhang JZ, Huang PL, Huang PL, Lee-Huang S. Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA. Computational study of bindings of olive leaf extract (OLE) to HIV-1 fusion protein gp41. FEBS Lett. 2007 May 21; [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 17537437 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher].

- Bisignano G, Tomaino A, Lo Cascio R, Crisafi G, Uccella N, Saija A. Department Farmaco-Biologico, University of Messina, Italy. On the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999;51:971-4. PMID: 10504039 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Elliott GA, Buthala DA, DeYoung EN. Preliminary safety studies with calcium elenolate, an antiviral agent. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 1969;9:173-6. PMID: 5396484 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

- Heinze JE, Hale AH, Carl PL. Specificity of the antiviral agent calcium elenolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1975 Oct;8(4):421-5. PMID: 53031 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Hirschman SZ. Inactivation of DNA polymerases of murine leukaemia viruses by calcium elenolate. Nat New Biol. 1972 Aug 30;238(87):277-9. PMID: 4116501 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

- Lee-Huang S, Zhang L, Huang PL, Chang YT, Huang PL. Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. Anti-HIV activity of olive leaf extract (OLE) and modulation of host cell gene expression by HIV-1 infection and OLE treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Aug 8;307(4):1029-37. PMID: 12878215 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Lee-Huang S, Huang P, Huang P. New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States. Anti-HIV activity of olive leaf extract and synergism with HAART. Int Conf AIDS. 2004 Jul 11-16; 15. WePeA5651.

- Lee-Huang S, Huang PL, Zhang D, Lee JW, Bao J, Sun Y, Chang YT, Zhang J, Huang PL. Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. Discovery of small-molecule HIV-1 fusion and integrase inhibitors oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol: part I. integrase inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Mar 23;354(4):872-8. Epub 2007 Jan 24. PMID: 17275783 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Micol V, Caturla N, Perez-Fons L, Mas V, Perez L, Estepa A. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, E-03202-Elche, Alicante, Spain. The olive leaf extract exhibits antiviral activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV). Antiviral Res. 2005 Jun;66(2-3):129-36. Epub 2005 Apr 18. PMID: 15869811 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Renis HE. Inactivation of myxoviruses by calcium elenolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1975 Aug;8(2):194-9. PMID: 1180544 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Renis HE. In vitro antiviral activity of calcium elenolate. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 1969;9:167-72. PMID: 5396483 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Roxas M, Jurenka J. Thorne Research, PO Box 25, Dover, ID 83825, USA. Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Mar;12(1):25-48. PMID: 17397266 [PubMed - in process].

- Zhu YM, Shen JK, Wang HK, Cosentino LM, Lee KH. Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, 200031, Shanghai, China. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of oleanolic acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Dec 17;11(24):3115-8. PMID: 11720855 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción antimalaria:

- Njoroge GN, Bussmann RW. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture Science and Technology, Botany Department, P,O, Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya. Diversity and utilization of antimalarial ethnophytotherapeutic remedies among the Kikuyus (Central Kenya). J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2006 Feb 1;2:8. PMID: 16451716 [PubMed - in process].

Estudios sobre su acción antiinflamatoria:

- Marquez-Martin A, De La Puerta R, Fernandez-Arche A, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Yaqoob P. Instituto de la Grasa (C.S.I.C.) Avda, Padre García Tejero n degrees 4, 41012 Seville, Spain. Modulation of cytokine secretion by pentacyclic triterpenes from olive pomace oil in human mononuclear cells. Cytokine. 2006 Dec;36(5-6):211-7. Epub 2007 Feb 9. PMID: 17292619 [PubMed - in process].

- Pieroni A, Heimler D, Pieters L, van Poel B, Vlietinck AJ. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium. In vitro anti-complementary activity of flavonoids from olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves. Pharmazie. 1996 Oct;51(10):765-8. PMID: 8941947 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción antiulcerosa:

- Cristoni A, Nizzola R, Malandrino S, Pifferi G. Laboratorio Ricerca, Inverni della Beffa, Milano, Italy. Synthesis and antiulcer activity of uvaol hemiphthalate derivatives. Farmaco. 1994 Apr;49(4):281-4. PMID: 8049009 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Farina C, Pinza M, Pifferi G. SmithKline Beecham SpA, Baranzate, Milan, Italy. Synthesis and anti-ulcer activity of new derivatives of glycyrrhetic, oleanolic and ursolic acids. Farmaco. 1998 Jan;53(1):22-32. PMID: 9543723 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Sánchez M, Theoduloz C, Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Razmilic I, Yáñez T, Rodríguez JA. Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile. Gastroprotective and ulcer-healing activity of oleanolic acid derivatives: in vitro-in vivo relationships. Life Sci. 2006 Aug 29;79(14):1349-56. Epub 2006 Apr 26. PMID: 16712876 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción anticancerosa:

- Abaza L, Talorete TP, Yamada P, Kurita Y, Zarrouk M, Isoda H. Laboratory of Characterization and Olive Oil Quality, Biotechnology Center. Induction of Growth Inhibition and Differentiation of Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells by a Tunisian Gerboui Olive Leaf Extract. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 May;71(5):1306-12. Epub 2007 May 7. PMID: 17485840 [PubMed - in process].

Estudios sobre su acción estimulante tiroidea:

- Al-Qarawi AA, Al-Damegh MA, ElMougy SA. Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Effect of freeze dried extract of Olea europaea on the pituitary-thyroid axis in rats. Phytother Res. 2002 May;16(3):286-7. PMID: 12164280 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su acción antiagregante plaquetaria:

- Petroni A, Blasevich M, Salami M, Papini N, Montedoro GF, Galli C. Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and eicosanoid production by phenolic components of olive oil. Thromb Res. 1995 Apr 15;78(2):151-60. PMID: 7482432 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Petroni A, Blasevich M, Salami M, Servili M, Montedoro GF, Galli C. Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy. A phenolic antioxidant extracted from olive oil inhibits platelet aggregation and arachidonic acid metabolism in vitro. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1994;75:169-72. PMID: 7532888 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Singh I, Mok M, Christensen AM, Turner AH, Hawley JA. School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. The effects of polyphenols in olive leaves on platelet function. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2007 Mar 6; [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 17346951 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher].

Estudios sobre su acción rejuvenecedora:

- Katsiki M, Chondrogianni N, Chinou L, Rivett AJ, Gonos ES. National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Aging, Athens, Greece. The Olive Constituent Oleuropein Exhibits Proteasome Stimulatory Properties In Vitro and Confers Life Span Extension of Human Embryonic Fibroblasts. Rejuvenation Res. 2007 May 18; [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 17518699 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher].

Estudios sobre el efecto beneficioso del aceite de oliva:

- Andrikopoulos NK, Kaliora AC, Assimopoulou AN, Papageorgiou VP. Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Science of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Kallithea, Athens, Greece. Inhibitory activity of minor polyphenolic and nonpolyphenolic constituents of olive oil against in vitro low-density lipoprotein oxidation. J Med Food. 2002 Spring;5(1):1-7. PMID: 12511107 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Carluccio MA, Siculella L, Ancora MA, Massaro M, Scoditti E, Storelli C, Visioli F, Distante A, De Caterina R. C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy. Olive oil and red wine antioxidant polyphenols inhibit endothelial activation: antiatherogenic properties of Mediterranean diet phytochemicals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Apr 1;23(4):622-9. Epub 2003 Feb 20. PMID: 12615669 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Covas MI, Nyyssonen K, Poulsen HE, Kaikkonen J, Zunft HJ, Kiesewetter H, Gaddi A, de la Torre R, Mursu J, Baumler H, Nascetti S, Salonen JT, Fito M, Virtanen J, Marrugat J, EUROLIVE Study Group. Municipal Institute for Medical Research, Barcelona, Spain. The effect of polyphenols in olive oil on heart disease risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Sep 5;145(5):333-41. Summary for patients in: Ann Intern Med. 2006 Sep 5;145(5):I53. PMID: 16954359 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Covas MI, Fito M, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Sebastia N, de la Torre-Boronat C, Marrugat J. Unitat de Lípids i Epidemiologia Cardiovascular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Carrer Doctor Aiguader, 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Virgin olive oil phenolic compounds: binding to human low density lipoprotein (LDL) and effect on LDL oxidation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2000;20(3-4):49-54. PMID: 11314237 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Covas MI, Fito M, Marrugat J, Miro E, Farre M, de la Torre R, Gimeno E, Lopez-Sabater MC, Lamuela-Raventos R, de la Torre-Boronat MC. Unitat de Lípids i Epidemiologia Cardiovascular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Carrer Dr. Aiguader, 80, 08003 Barcelona, Espagne. Coronary disease protective factors: antioxidant effect of olive oil. Therapie. 2001 Sep-Oct;56(5):607-11. PMID: 11806301 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Fito M, Cladellas M, de la Torre R, Marti J, Munoz D, Schroder H, Alcantara M, Pujadas-Bastardes M, Marrugat J, Lopez-Sabater MC, Bruguera J, Covas MI. 1Unitat de Lípids i Epidemiologia Cardiovascular, Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain. Anti-inflammatory effect of virgin olive oil in stable coronary disease patients: a randomized, crossover, controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar 21; [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 17375118 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher].

- Fitó M, Cladellas M, de la Torre R, Martí J, Alcántara M, Pujadas-Bastardes M, Marrugat J, Bruguera J, López-Sabater MC, Vila J, Covas MI; The members of the SOLOS Investigators. Unitat de Lípids i Epidemiologia Cardiovascular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Carrer Doctor Aiguader, Barcelona, Spain. Antioxidant effect of virgin olive oil in patients with stable coronary heart disease: a randomized, crossover, controlled, clinical trial. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Jul;181(1):149-58. Epub 2005 Feb 12. PMID: 15939067 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Fito M, Gimeno E, Covas MI, Miro E, Lopez-Sabater Mdel C, Farre M, de TR, Marrugat J. Unitat de Lípids i Epidemiologia Cardiovascular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Médica IMIM, Barcelona, Spain. Postprandial and short-term effects of dietary virgin olive oil on oxidant/antioxidant status. Lipids. 2002 Mar;37(3):245-51. PMID: 11942474 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Fito M, Covas MI, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Vila J, de la Torre C, Marrugat J. Unidad de Lípidos y Epidemiología Cardiovascular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona. Olive oil and inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation. Role of phenolic compounds. Med Clin (Barc). 2000 Jul 1;115(5):166-9. PMID: 10996871 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Fito M, Covas MI, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Vila J, Torrents L, de la Torre C, Marrugat J. Unitat de Lípids i Epidemiologia Cardiovascular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Medica, Barcelona, Spain. Protective effect of olive oil and its phenolic compounds against low density lipoprotein oxidation. Lipids. 2000 Jun;35(6):633-8. PMID: 10901425 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Marrugat J, Covas MI, Fito M, Schroder H, Miro-Casas E, Gimeno E, Lopez-Sabater MC, de la Torre R, Farre M; SOLOS Investigators. Lipids and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Carrer Dr Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Effects of differing phenolic content in dietary olive oils on lipids and LDL oxidation--a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Jun;43(3):140-7. Epub 2004 Jan 6. PMID: 15168036 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Visioli F, Caruso D, Grande S, Bosisio R, Villa M, Galli G, Sirtori C, Galli C. Dept. of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Virgin Olive Oil Study (VOLOS): vasoprotective potential of extra virgin olive oil in mildly dyslipidemic patients. Eur J Nutr. 2005 Mar;44(2):121-7. Epub 2004 May 5. PMID: 15309433 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Visioli F, Galli C. University of Milan, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, Milan, Italy. The effect of minor constituents of olive oil on cardiovascular disease: new findings. Nutr Rev. 1998 May;56(5 Pt 1):142-7. PMID: 9624884 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su mecanismo de acción:

- Kubo I, Kinst-Hori I. Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3112, USA. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the olive oil flavor compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Nov;47(11):4574-8. PMID: 10552852 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Ledesma A, Villalba M, Batanero E, Rodriguez R. Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. Molecular cloning and expression of active Ole e 3, a major allergen from olive-tree pollen and member of a novel family of Ca2+-binding proteins (polcalcins) involved in allergy. Eur J Biochem. 1998 Dec 1;258(2):454-9. PMID: 9874211 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Pieroni A, Heimler D, Pieters L, van Poel B, Vlietinck AJ. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium. In vitro anti-complementary activity of flavonoids from olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves. Pharmazie. 1996 Oct;51(10):765-8. PMID: 8941947 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

Estudios sobre su farmacocinética:

- Caruso D, Visioli F, Patelli R, Galli C, Galli G. Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Urinary excretion of olive oil phenols and their metabolites in humans. Metabolism. 2001 Dec;50(12):1426-8. PMID: 11735087 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].

- Covas MI, Miro-Casas E, Fito M, Farre-Albadalejo M, Gimeno E, Marrugat J, De La

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